PFAS chemicals, often called “forever chemicals,” have been detected in some infant formulas, raising concerns for parents and caregivers. Despite declining overall use, certain products still contain traces of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. This Q&A covers the basics: what PFAS are, how they get into formula, health implications, regulatory actions, and practical steps to minimize exposure. Below, we address the most common questions to help you make informed choices.

1. What are PFAS and why are they called “forever chemicals”?

PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are a group of thousands of synthetic chemicals used since the 1940s for their resistance to heat, water, and grease. They are dubbed “forever chemicals” because they do not break down easily in the environment or the human body, persisting for decades. Common sources include non-stick cookware, stain-resistant fabrics, firefighting foams, and food packaging. Because of their widespread use and persistence, PFAS have contaminated water, soil, and food chains globally. Even at low levels, long-term exposure may pose health risks such as weakened immunity, liver damage, and certain cancers.

2. Why are PFAS found in some infant formulas?

PFAS can enter infant formula through contaminated ingredients—especially dairy or protein sources—or through manufacturing equipment and packaging. Water used to reconstitute powder formula may also be a source if local drinking water is contaminated. In a 2023 Consumer Reports study, PFAS were detected in several organic and non-organic formulas, though levels varied. The chemicals are not intentionally added; rather, they come from environmental contamination of crops or animal feed, or from processing aids used in production. Infants are particularly vulnerable because they consume large amounts of formula relative to their body weight, and their developing bodies are more sensitive to toxicants.

3. Which infant formula brands have been found to contain PFAS?

Testing by Consumer Reports in 2023 found detectable levels of PFAS in five out of 15 tested formulas. Brands with higher levels included Similac Advance and Similac Pro-Sensitive (Abbott), Earth’s Best Organic Dairy, and Up & Up (Target) Gentle. Lower levels were found in Enfamil NeuroPro and Happy Baby Organic. Importantly, no formula exceeded official safety limits, but experts argue that no level is safe for infants. Manufacturers have stated they are working to reduce PFAS through ingredient sourcing. For the most current data, check independent lab reports and regulatory updates from the FDA.

4. What are the potential health risks of PFAS for infants?

Infants are especially sensitive to PFAS exposure. Studies link PFAS to reduced antibody response to vaccines, lower birth weight, liver enzyme changes, increased cholesterol, and thyroid disruption. A 2023 review in Environmental Health Perspectives noted that early-life exposure may impair immune development and increase infection risk. PFAS also persist in the body, meaning cumulative exposure from formula could add up. The American Academy of Pediatrics has called for stricter limits. While occasional low-level contamination may not cause immediate harm, experts recommend minimizing exposure as a precaution.

5. What regulations exist for PFAS in infant formula?

Currently, the U.S. FDA has set no specific maximum level for PFAS in infant formula. The agency monitors levels through its Total Diet Study but relies on manufacturers to self-police. In 2024, the FDA announced a voluntary phase-out of certain PFAS from food packaging, but this does not cover formula ingredients. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates PFAS in drinking water, setting a health advisory limit of 0.004 parts per trillion for PFOA and 0.02 ppt for PFOS. However, these apply to water utilities, not bottle-ready formula. Some states, like California and Maine, are pushing for stricter overall limits, but national rules remain limited. Parents should watch for updates from the FDA and consider using filtered water for formula preparation.

6. How can parents reduce PFAS exposure from infant formula?

To lower PFAS intake, consider these steps:

• Check testing results – Look for brands with no detectable PFAS, such as some store-brand formulas or smaller producers.
• Use filtered water – A reverse osmosis or activated carbon filter certified to remove PFAS can reduce contaminants in tap water used for mixing.
• Choose concentrated liquid formula – Some evidence suggests liquid formulations may have lower PFAS levels than powders, possibly due to different processing.
• Limit other sources – Avoid non-stick baby bottles or utensils that may leach PFAS when heated.
• Breastfeed if possible – Breast milk has lower PFAS levels than formula, though it may still contain trace amounts if the mother is exposed.

No choice is perfectly safe, but these measures can help reduce cumulative exposure.

7. Is PFAS contamination a problem worldwide?

Yes. PFAS contamination in infant formula is a global concern. In Europe, the European Food Safety Authority has set a tolerable weekly intake for four major PFAS, but limits vary by country. A 2022 study in Chemosphere detected PFAS in formulas from Asia, Europe, and North America. Some countries have taken action: Denmark banned PFAS in paper food packaging in 2020, and the EU is considering broad restrictions. Developing nations often lack monitoring infrastructure, meaning contamination may go undetected. Because PFAS travel through the atmosphere and oceans, no region is untouched. International collaboration is needed to set consistent safety standards and reduce emissions.

8. What are manufacturers doing to address PFAS?

Major formula makers like Abbott and Reckitt (Enfamil) have stated they are working to reduce PFAS in their products. Steps include auditing ingredient suppliers, switching to PFAS-free processing aids, and testing for the chemicals. However, progress is slow because PFAS are ubiquitous in the environment and supply chains. Some companies have started publishing testing results; for example, Abbott’s Clean Lines initiative aims to cut PFAS in packaging. Consumer pressure is driving change—petitions and social media campaigns have prompted several brands to commit to third-party testing. Until regulations tighten, manufacturers are primarily responding to market forces rather than legal mandates.